Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 with related Staphylococcus species by neighbor-joining method. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA7 software and Bacillus subtilis strain DKMNR was used as the outgroup.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques: Construct, Software

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus capitis TE8. ( a ) Antibacterial activity of S. capitis TE8 against Bacillus subtilis , Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus . ( b ) Antibacterial activity of crude 1-butanol extracts of isolate TE8 against B. subtilis , M. luteus and S. aureus . ( c ) Proteinase K treatment effect on 1-butanol extract: 1- Crude extract, 2 - Proteinase K treated extract on M. luteus .

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: General features of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 genome.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional categories of subsystem features predicted in the Staphylococcus capitis TE8 genome.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques: Functional Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Genetic organization and sequence of putative epidermicin locus of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 compared to epidermicin N101. Epidermicin gene cluster arrangement of S. capitis TE8 and S. epidermidis 224. 1- YbdS like protein, 2- YbdT like protein, 3- epidermicin, 4, 5, 6- hypothetical proteins, 7- RND efflux like protein, 8- ABC transport ATP-binding protein. Accession no JQ025380 - JQ025387 and KJ702950 for epidermicin gene cluster of S. epidermidis 224 and nucleotide sequence (having epidermicin gene cluster) of S. capitis TE8, respectively.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques: Sequencing, Binding Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Genetic organization and sequence alignment of putative gallidermin locus of Staphylococcus capitis TE8. ( a ) Putative gallidermin gene cluster arrangement of S. capitis TE8 along with S. capitis AYP1020 and S. gallinarum . 1- LanC cyclase, 2- LanB dehydratase, 3- gallidermin. ( b ) Sequence alignment of gallidermin protein of S. capitis TE8, S. capitis AYP1020 and S. gallinarum . Arrow indicates the start site predicted by antiSMASH.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene organization of putative PSMβ type peptides of Staphylococcus capitis TE8. Genetic loci coding for PSMβ peptides in the genome of various Staphylococcus spp. 1- HAD-like hydrolases superfamily, 2- NAT-SF superfamily, 3- phosphoesterase, 4- hypothetical protein, 5- MFS transporter.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phylogenetic analysis of antibacterial peptides from Staphylococcus capitis TE8 along with other peptides of PSM family. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of PSMβ peptides (PSMβ1-β6) and hypothetical peptide HTP2388 of S. capitis TE8 and PSM of other Staphylococcus spp. Evolutionary analyses were performed using MEGA7.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 Reveals Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides and Adaptation Strategies for Growth on Human Skin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11020-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of synthesized peptides PSMβ1-β6 and HTP2388. ( a ) and ( b ) Antibacterial activity of synthesized peptides. Peptides were dissolved in DMSO: water (1:1) and agar well diffusion assay were done against Micrococcus luteus test plate. Test plates were grown overnight and zones of inhibition were measured. ( c ) Sequence alignment of PSMβ1-β6 of Staphylococcus capitis TE8 along with gonococcal growth inhibitors from Staphylococcus haemolyticus [GGI I (P11697.1), GGI II (P11698.1), GGI III (P11699.1)], PSMβ1 (ABD22369.1) and PSMβ2 (ABD20853.1) of Staphylococcus aureus USA300_FPR3757. Net charge on peptides was written in the parentheses.

Article Snippet: The amplified region of the 16S rRNA gene of isolate TE8 showed 99.86% sequence identity with rrs of both S. caprae ATCC 35538 (T) and S. capitis subsp . capitis ATCC 27840 (T) (Fig. ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Synthesized, Diffusion-based Assay, Inhibition, Sequencing

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: A Topical Hydrogel with Deferiprone and Gallium-Protoporphyrin Targets Bacterial Iron Metabolism and Has Antibiofilm Activity

doi: 10.1128/AAC.00481-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: MICs of deferiprone, gallium-protoporphyrin, and the combination of both compounds and ciprofloxacin

Article Snippet: When used in combination, the MICs for both compounds were typically lower, although the extent of this difference was strain dependent ( ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Isolate MIC (μg/ml) of: Def GaPP Combination Def-GaPP Cip S. aureus ATCC 25923 2,784 12.5 696/6.25 0.125 MRSA clinical isolate 5,568 50 2,784/25 2 S. epidermis ATCC 12228 696 <0.1 <10.8/<0.1 0.125 P. aeruginosa PAO1 174 >50 87/0.78 0.125 P. aeruginosa clinical isolate 348 >50 87/0.78 0.125 A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 87 0.78 87/0.78 0.03 Open in a separate window MICs of deferiprone, gallium-protoporphyrin, and the combination of both compounds and ciprofloxacin Effect of loaded hydrogels on bacterial biofilms. (i) Agar diffusion model.

Techniques:

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: A Topical Hydrogel with Deferiprone and Gallium-Protoporphyrin Targets Bacterial Iron Metabolism and Has Antibiofilm Activity

doi: 10.1128/AAC.00481-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition zone diameter (cm) of Gram-positive (a) and Gram-negative (b) bacteria after exposure to loaded hydrogels. Strains used include S. aureus ATCC 25923 (SA), a clinical MRSA isolate (MRSA), S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 (SE), P. aeruginosa PAO1 (PAO1), a clinical P. aeruginosa isolate from a cystic fibrosis patient (PA [CF]), and A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 (AJ). Hydrogels include control, blank gel (black); Cip, ciprofloxacin, 5 μg/ml (pink); Def, deferiprone, 20 mM (light green); GaPP 100, gallium-protoporphyrin, 100 μg/ml (dark green); Def-GaPP 100 (blue); GaPP 500 (orange); and Def-GaPP 500 (red). Data represent the mean ± SD from 3 biological replicates. Statistical comparison to ciprofloxacin-loaded gel. *, P < 0.05; ○, P < 0.01; ^, P < 0.001; #, P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: When used in combination, the MICs for both compounds were typically lower, although the extent of this difference was strain dependent ( ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Isolate MIC (μg/ml) of: Def GaPP Combination Def-GaPP Cip S. aureus ATCC 25923 2,784 12.5 696/6.25 0.125 MRSA clinical isolate 5,568 50 2,784/25 2 S. epidermis ATCC 12228 696 <0.1 <10.8/<0.1 0.125 P. aeruginosa PAO1 174 >50 87/0.78 0.125 P. aeruginosa clinical isolate 348 >50 87/0.78 0.125 A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 87 0.78 87/0.78 0.03 Open in a separate window MICs of deferiprone, gallium-protoporphyrin, and the combination of both compounds and ciprofloxacin Effect of loaded hydrogels on bacterial biofilms. (i) Agar diffusion model.

Techniques: Inhibition, Bacteria, Control, Comparison

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: A Topical Hydrogel with Deferiprone and Gallium-Protoporphyrin Targets Bacterial Iron Metabolism and Has Antibiofilm Activity

doi: 10.1128/AAC.00481-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Log10 reduction of Gram-positive (a) and Gram-negative (b) colony biofilms after exposure to loaded hydrogels. Strains used include S. aureus ATCC 25923 (SA), a clinical MRSA isolate (MRSA), S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 (SE), P. aeruginosa PAO1 (PAO1), a clinical P. aeruginosa isolate from a cystic fibrosis patient (PA [CF]), and A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 (AB). Hydrogels include Cip, ciprofloxacin, 5 μg/ml (pink); Def, deferiprone, 20 mM (light green); GaPP 100, gallium-protoporphyrin, 100 μg/ml (dark green); Def-GaPP 100 (blue); Def-GaPP 100-Cip (black); GaPP 500 (orange); Def-GaPP 500 (red). Data represent the mean ± SD from 3 biological replicates. Statistical comparison to ciprofloxacin-loaded gel. *, P < 0.05; ○, P < 0.01; #, P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: When used in combination, the MICs for both compounds were typically lower, although the extent of this difference was strain dependent ( ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Isolate MIC (μg/ml) of: Def GaPP Combination Def-GaPP Cip S. aureus ATCC 25923 2,784 12.5 696/6.25 0.125 MRSA clinical isolate 5,568 50 2,784/25 2 S. epidermis ATCC 12228 696 <0.1 <10.8/<0.1 0.125 P. aeruginosa PAO1 174 >50 87/0.78 0.125 P. aeruginosa clinical isolate 348 >50 87/0.78 0.125 A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 87 0.78 87/0.78 0.03 Open in a separate window MICs of deferiprone, gallium-protoporphyrin, and the combination of both compounds and ciprofloxacin Effect of loaded hydrogels on bacterial biofilms. (i) Agar diffusion model.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: A Topical Hydrogel with Deferiprone and Gallium-Protoporphyrin Targets Bacterial Iron Metabolism and Has Antibiofilm Activity

doi: 10.1128/AAC.00481-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial biofilm growth over time after initial exposure to loaded hydrogels. Strains used include S. aureus ATCC 25923, a clinical MRSA isolate, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, P. aeruginosa PAO1, a clinical P. aeruginosa isolate from a cystic fibrosis patient, and A. johnsonii ATCC 17946. Hydrogels include blank control gel (B); ciprofloxacin, 5 μg/ml (C); deferiprone, 20 mM (D); gallium-protoporphyrin, 500 μg/ml (G); Def-GaPP 500 (DG).

Article Snippet: When used in combination, the MICs for both compounds were typically lower, although the extent of this difference was strain dependent ( ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Isolate MIC (μg/ml) of: Def GaPP Combination Def-GaPP Cip S. aureus ATCC 25923 2,784 12.5 696/6.25 0.125 MRSA clinical isolate 5,568 50 2,784/25 2 S. epidermis ATCC 12228 696 <0.1 <10.8/<0.1 0.125 P. aeruginosa PAO1 174 >50 87/0.78 0.125 P. aeruginosa clinical isolate 348 >50 87/0.78 0.125 A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 87 0.78 87/0.78 0.03 Open in a separate window MICs of deferiprone, gallium-protoporphyrin, and the combination of both compounds and ciprofloxacin Effect of loaded hydrogels on bacterial biofilms. (i) Agar diffusion model.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: A Topical Hydrogel with Deferiprone and Gallium-Protoporphyrin Targets Bacterial Iron Metabolism and Has Antibiofilm Activity

doi: 10.1128/AAC.00481-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of loaded hydrogels in an artificial wound model. Log10 reduction of S. aureus ATCC 25923 (SA), a clinical MRSA isolate (MRSA), and P. aeruginosa PAO1 (PAO1) after exposure to loaded hydrogels with Def, deferiprone, 20 mM (light green); GaPP 500, gallium-protoporphyrin, 500 μg/ml (orange); and Def-GaPP 500 (red). Data represent the mean ± SD from 3 biological replicates.

Article Snippet: When used in combination, the MICs for both compounds were typically lower, although the extent of this difference was strain dependent ( ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 1 caption a7 Isolate MIC (μg/ml) of: Def GaPP Combination Def-GaPP Cip S. aureus ATCC 25923 2,784 12.5 696/6.25 0.125 MRSA clinical isolate 5,568 50 2,784/25 2 S. epidermis ATCC 12228 696 <0.1 <10.8/<0.1 0.125 P. aeruginosa PAO1 174 >50 87/0.78 0.125 P. aeruginosa clinical isolate 348 >50 87/0.78 0.125 A. johnsonii ATCC 17946 87 0.78 87/0.78 0.03 Open in a separate window MICs of deferiprone, gallium-protoporphyrin, and the combination of both compounds and ciprofloxacin Effect of loaded hydrogels on bacterial biofilms. (i) Agar diffusion model.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus capitis reveals species determinants

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005949

Figure Lengend Snippet: Maximum-likelihood phylogeny based on core genome alignments of 186 S. capitis isolates, presenting the presence and absence of antimicrobial resistance genes. ML tree is midpoint rooted, and bootstrap support values were calculated from 1,000 replicates. The first color block represents rhierBAPS clustering, dots describe the setting where isolates were retrieved; green = commensal (including scalp samples from this study), red = clinical, and gray = unknown. Filled gray triangles describe scalp isolates from this study. The subspecies differentiation of S. capitis is presented as the subclades described as BAPS groups 1, 3, 4, and 5. The presence (colored blocks) and absence (white blocks) of antimicrobial resistance is denoted for each isolate (*Quaternary Ammonium Compounds). The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The figure was visualized using iTol v 4.2 (Letunic and Bork, ).

Article Snippet: Additionally, seven skin isolates were sequenced that included culture collection type strains of both S. capitis subspecies [ATCC 49325 ( S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus ) and ATCC 27840 ( S. capitis subsp. capitis )] ( ).

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus capitis reveals species determinants

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005949

Figure Lengend Snippet: Maximum-likelihood phylogeny based on core genome alignments of 186 S. capitis isolates, presenting the presence and absence of genes linked to CoNS virulence potential. ML tree is midpoint rooted, and bootstrap support values were calculated from 1,000 replicates. The first color block represents rhierBAPS clustering, dots describe the setting where isolates were retrieved; green = commensal (including scalp samples from this study), red = clinical, and gray = unknown. Filled gray triangles describe scalp isolates from this study. The subspecies differentiation of S. capitis is presented as the subclades described as BAPS groups 1, 3, 4, and 5. The presence (colored blocks) and absence (white blocks) of virulence genes is denoted for each isolate. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The figure was visualized using iTol v 4.2 (Letunic and Bork, ).

Article Snippet: Additionally, seven skin isolates were sequenced that included culture collection type strains of both S. capitis subspecies [ATCC 49325 ( S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus ) and ATCC 27840 ( S. capitis subsp. capitis )] ( ).

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus capitis reveals species determinants

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005949

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representation of the pan-genome and COG functional annotation of S. capitis genomes. (A) Pan-genome curve generated by plotting the total number of gene families in the pan (blue) and core (red) genome of S. capitis . The graph represents how the pan- and core-genomes vary as genomes are added in random order. As the number of genomes increased, the pan-genome increased. (B) Staphylococcus capitis pan-genome statistics. The size of the pan-genome, including core (shared by >95% of isolates), shell (found in 15–95% of isolates), and cloud (found in <15% of isolates) genes. (C) Functional annotation of the core and accessory genomes of S. capitis subsp. capitis and S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus . Percentages of the core and accessory genomes annotated according to COG functional categories.

Article Snippet: Additionally, seven skin isolates were sequenced that included culture collection type strains of both S. capitis subspecies [ATCC 49325 ( S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus ) and ATCC 27840 ( S. capitis subsp. capitis )] ( ).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Generated

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus capitis reveals species determinants

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005949

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiple sequence alignment of β-class phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) of S. capitis isolates. MSA of β-class PSMs protein sequences found in S. capitis genomes from this study and those described by O'Neill (sequences marked with ▴) created with ClustalW (Clustal et al., ). Residues are colored based on an amino acid property (red: small and hydrophobic, blue: acidic, magenta: basic, green: hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and amine, and gray: unusual), positions that contain fully conserved residues are marked with an asterisk, and positions marked with a colon indicate conservation between groups of amino acids with similar properties.

Article Snippet: Additionally, seven skin isolates were sequenced that included culture collection type strains of both S. capitis subspecies [ATCC 49325 ( S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus ) and ATCC 27840 ( S. capitis subsp. capitis )] ( ).

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus capitis reveals species determinants

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005949

Figure Lengend Snippet: Two-component systems in S. aureus and S. capitis .

Article Snippet: Additionally, seven skin isolates were sequenced that included culture collection type strains of both S. capitis subspecies [ATCC 49325 ( S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus ) and ATCC 27840 ( S. capitis subsp. capitis )] ( ).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Clones Are Widely Distributed in the Hospital and Community

doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070792

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dendrogram generated by Dice/UPGMA analysis ( Bionumerics Applied Maths ), from PFGE- SmaI profiles of S. capitis isolated from nasal swabs ( A ), wounds ( B ), and blood cultures ( C ). Square brackets highlight the clusters (>80% similarity). Roman numerals represent the SCC mec type.

Article Snippet: The following reference strains were used for comparison of the results: S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. haemolyticus (ATCC 29970), S. capitis subsp. capitis (ATCC 27843), S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus (ATCC 49325), S. warneri (ATCC 10209), S. hominis (ATCC 27844), S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus (ATCC 700237), S. lugdunensis (ATCC 700328), S. saprophyticus (ATCC 15305), S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi (ATCC 43808), S. sciuri subsp. sciuri (ATCC 29062), S. simulans (ATCC 27851), S. xylosus (ATCC 29979), and S. caprae (ATCC 35538).

Techniques: Generated, Isolation

Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Clones Are Widely Distributed in the Hospital and Community

doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070792

Figure Lengend Snippet: Amplification products detected in mecA -positive isolates without the mec or ccr complex or complex multiplicity.

Article Snippet: The following reference strains were used for comparison of the results: S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. haemolyticus (ATCC 29970), S. capitis subsp. capitis (ATCC 27843), S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus (ATCC 49325), S. warneri (ATCC 10209), S. hominis (ATCC 27844), S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus (ATCC 700237), S. lugdunensis (ATCC 700328), S. saprophyticus (ATCC 15305), S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi (ATCC 43808), S. sciuri subsp. sciuri (ATCC 29062), S. simulans (ATCC 27851), S. xylosus (ATCC 29979), and S. caprae (ATCC 35538).

Techniques: Amplification

Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Clones Are Widely Distributed in the Hospital and Community

doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070792

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diversity index of the CoNS species.

Article Snippet: The following reference strains were used for comparison of the results: S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. haemolyticus (ATCC 29970), S. capitis subsp. capitis (ATCC 27843), S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus (ATCC 49325), S. warneri (ATCC 10209), S. hominis (ATCC 27844), S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus (ATCC 700237), S. lugdunensis (ATCC 700328), S. saprophyticus (ATCC 15305), S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi (ATCC 43808), S. sciuri subsp. sciuri (ATCC 29062), S. simulans (ATCC 27851), S. xylosus (ATCC 29979), and S. caprae (ATCC 35538).

Techniques: